A Study on Topological Vortex Ring Interactions Based on...

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2025-10-29 01:30:19 -

A Study on Topological Vortex Ring Interactions Based on Möbius Loop and Hopf Link Concepts (3)

4. Superposition of Counter-rotating Vortex Rings and Knot Formation The situation is radically different when two vortex rings with opposite circulation directions (counter-rotating) interact: (1) Topological Description: Can be seen as the superposition of a positive Hopf link and a negative Hopf link. The total topological charge (net circulation) of the system is zero. (2) Dynamical...

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