The quantum is not a cat that is both dead and alive (2)
2. Topological Vortices: The Geometric Entity as the Spacetime and Energy Primordial
- The Most Fundamental Spacetime Structure: They are excitations or defects of spacetime itself[3,4], the "atoms" constituting all matter and energy. Spacetime is no longer a stage for material activity but a dynamic network built from these fundamental "bricks."
- The Most Fundamental Energy Unit: Each stable topological vortex carries an indivisible unit of fundamental energy. The stability of this energy is guaranteed by the topological invariants (e.g., winding number, Chern number) of the vortex[5,6]. This mechanism of "topological protection" perfectly explains why physical quantities like energy and angular momentum are quantized in the microscopic world—because creating or annihilating a topological vortex implies a change in the spacetime topology, a process that must be discrete and step-like.
English
French
Spanish
Portuguese
Deutsch
Turkish
Dutch
Italiano
Russian
Romaian
Portuguese (Brazil)
Greek
简体中文
日本語
한국어
繁体中文